Annals of Medical and Surgical Dermatology

Hidradenitis Suppurativa

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Hidradenitis Suppurativa (HS) is a chronic, inflammatory skin condition marked by the formation of painful lumps, abscesses, and lesions under the skin, often in areas where skin rubs together, such as the armpits, groin, buttocks, and under the breasts. This condition arises when hair follicles and sweat glands become blocked and inflamed, leading to the development of painful bumps that may rupture and drain pus. Over time, repeated flare-ups can result in scarring, the formation of sinus tracts (small tunnels beneath the skin), and in severe cases, the loss of skin tissue. These flare-ups can be triggered by factors like sweating, friction, hormonal changes, obesity, and certain lifestyle choices, although the exact cause of HS remains unclear. Genetic predisposition and immune system dysfunction are thought to play a significant role in the development of HS, as the condition often runs in families. It is also associated with an overactive immune response, which leads to inflammation and the blockage of sweat glands. HS is frequently misdiagnosed or confused with other skin conditions such as boils, abscesses, or even acne, which can delay appropriate treatment. The condition can cause considerable physical and emotional distress, resulting in pain, discomfort, and potential social stigma. Treatment for hidradenitis suppurativa generally involves a mix of lifestyle changes and medical interventions. Antibiotics may be prescribed to address infections and reduce inflammation, while other medications like corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, and biologics can help control flare-ups and manage symptoms. In severe cases where other treatments are ineffective, surgery may be necessary to remove abscesses, drain affected areas, or even excise damaged tissue to prevent further complications. Patients with HS are also encouraged to maintain good hygiene, wear loose clothing to minimize friction, and avoid triggers that may exacerbate symptoms. Although there is no known cure for HS, effective management strategies can help improve quality of life.Early diagnosis and intervention are key to preventing long-term complications, such as scarring and the formation of painful tunnels under the skin. As research into the causes and treatments of hidradenitis suppurativa progresses, new therapies continue to emerge, offering hope for more effective management of the condition.